Formulation of Criminal Sentencing System for Cybercrime Attacks on Aerospace Infrastructure : The Urgent Need for Specific Legal Regulations in Indonesia

Abstrak

Replace Cybercrime attacks targeting aerospace infrastructure including satellite communication systems, air traffic management networks, and remote sensing platforms have escalated in both frequency and sophistication, creating unprecedented risks to national security, public safety, and critical digital ecosystems. Despite these growing threats, Indonesia’s positive law does not yet provide a specific criminal sentencing framework that adequately reflects the strategic importance and high impact consequences of attacks on aerospacebased systems. This study examines the regulatory gaps in Indonesia’s cybercrime legislation by analyzing the limitations of the Criminal Code (KUHP), the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), and sectoral aviation regulations, all of which lack explicit categorization, aggravating factors, and sentencing parameters for cyberattacks on aerospace infrastructure. Using a normative juridical methodology supported by comparative analysis of international legal models including the U.S. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the EU NIS2 Directive, and emerging space cybersecurity standards this article formulates a structured criminal sentencing system that integrates threat typologies, harm based assessment, and risk weighted punishment. The results show an urgent need for Indonesia to adopt lex specialis that defines aerospace infrastructure as critical information infrastructure, incorporates multi layered sentencing guidelines, and mandates cooperation protocols between cybersecurity, aviation, and spacetechnology authorities. The proposed model is expected to strengthen deterrence, enhance legal certainty, and align Indonesia’s cyber regulatory architecture with global cybersecurity and aerospace governance standards.